California’s controversial SB 948, often referred to as a “permit-to-purchase” firearm bill, has passed the state Senate and is now headed to the Assembly. The legislation would significantly expand requirements for obtaining a Firearm Safety Certificate (FSC), adding mandatory training, live-fire exercises, testing, and additional paperwork before residents can legally purchase firearms.

Under the proposal, applicants would be required to complete four hours of classroom instruction, at least one hour of live-fire training, and pass a written examination. New California residents would also face additional registration and certification requirements, with potential criminal penalties for noncompliance.

Supporters argue the bill promotes firearm safety, while critics contend it creates financial and procedural barriers that could limit access to a constitutional right. The measure passed the Senate with a supermajority vote and is widely expected to advance through the Assembly before reaching the governor’s desk.

If signed into law, SB 948 would take full effect in 2028 and could face legal challenges from Second Amendment advocates who argue the permit-to-purchase framework infringes on firearm rights.